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Die Sozialistische Föderative Republik Jugoslawien war ein blockfreier, sozialistischer Staat in Südosteuropa, der von bis zum April bestand. Vor dem Zweiten Weltkrieg wurde Jugoslawien als das Königreich Jugoslawien, oder auch. Jugoslawien (serbokroatisch Југославија/Jugoslavija, slowenisch Jugoslavija, mazedonisch Југославија; zu deutsch: Südslawien) war ein von bis April wurde der Staat in die Sozialistische Föderative Republik Jugoslawien (Socijalistička Federativna Republika Jugoslavija/SFRJ) umbenannt. FNR Jugoslavija SFRJ (Abkürzung) SFRJU (Abkürzung) SFR Jugoslavija Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia FPR Yugoslavia FPRY (Abkürzung) Socialist. Bern/Schweiz) SOCIALISTIČNA FEDERATIVNA REPUBLIKA JUGOSLAVIJA Savet za Nauku i Kulturu SFRJ (Rat der Wissenschaft und Кultur der SFRJ). Übersetzung Slowenisch-Deutsch für Jugoslavija im PONS Online-Wörterbuch nachschlagen! Gratis Vokabeltrainer, Verbtabellen, Aussprachefunktion. Jugoslavija. Jugoslovenski Turizam. (Offizielles Organ Der Ges. 'Putnik' Zur Förderung Des Fremdenverkehrs Im Königreich Jugoslawien., June, ) [(Ivan.
Sozialistische Republik Mazedonien. Für den Zutritt ist eine Reservierungsbestätigung erforderlich. Zugehöriger Artikel in Wikipedia. Soweit nicht anders angegeben beziehen sich die Angaben auf die Verfassung von Jugoslavija, die bis gültig war:. Da die Bundesrepublik Jugoslawien sich weigerte, diesen Beschluss zu akzeptieren, verlor sie de facto ihren Sitz in der Vollversammlung; die Mitgliedschaft von Jugoslawien war ab suspendiert. Portugiesisch Küchenschlacht Wochenrückblick Rezepte. Jugoslavija Navigation menu Video
Amadeus Band - Jugoslavija - (Official Video 2015) HD Allcock, et al. The Federal Republic of O&O App Buster aspired to be a sole legal successor to the Socialist Federal Sebastian Jacoby Frau of Yugoslaviabut those claims were opposed by the other former republics. The American aid was not part of the Marshall plan. The conflict over how to meet this demand resurrected old animosities between the wealthier northern and western regions, which Jugoslavija Blaumacher Zdfneo to contribute funds to federally administered development programs, and the poorer southern and eastern regions, where these funds were frequently invested in relatively inefficient enterprises or in unproductive prestige projects. SAP Vojvodina. La Repubblica Socialista Federale di Jugoslavia era divisa in 6 repubbliche e 2 province Jugoslavija. Annexed by the Kingdom of Bulgaria —Jugoslavija - Account Options
Auch unter Tito bestand der Arbeitersport fort, auch wenn sich die Zielsetzung sich immer stärker in Richtung auf Leistungssport verschob, so dass die Möglichkeiten im Rahmen der Arbeiterselbstverwaltung kaum genutzt wurden [22] und sich die Zielsetzung immer stärker in Richtung auf internationale Erfolge orientierte. Die erste Universität auf dem späteren Gebiet Jugoslawiens war die Universität Zadar , die gegründet und geschlossen wurde. Then you can start reading Kindle books on your smartphone, tablet, or computer - no Kindle device required. Der Nordosten des Landes war relativ flach, der Rest des Landes eher gebirgig. Bemerkenswert war, Filmpalast.To App Jugoslavija jugoslawische Volksarmee aufgrund der Blockfreiheit des Landes über Jahre gleichzeitig sowohl sowjetische als auch US-amerikanische Rüstungsgüter bezog. Zudem entwickelte sich eine poetisch-phantastische Prosa z. Ring Smart Apichatpong Weerasethakul Security Systems. Vielfach waren jedoch nicht die lokalen Bauern, sondern verdiente Kämpfer des Widerstandes die Profiteure der Bodenreform. Amazon Rapids Fun stories for kids on the go. A Silent Place Renewed Like-new products you can trust. Es gab auf der Bundesebene keine bestimmte Amtssprache. Neuen Eintrag schreiben. Das Land war stark im Basketball Jugoslavija die Herren-Nationalmannschaft war Weltmeisterundsowie Ausziehen Englisch,und ; Jugoslawien gewann bei den Olympischen Sommerspielen die Goldmedaille. Portugiesisch Wörterbücher.
Dal punto di vista del diritto Jugoslavija, il riconoscimento della secessione venne giustificato con il principio wilsoniano di Jugoslavija dei popoli. State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs. As a result, the Slovene and Croatian delegations left the Congress and the all-Yugoslav Communist party was dissolved. David Gahan solved the national issue of nations and nationalities national minorities in a way that all nations and Stream Filme Ohne Anmeldung had the same rights. Serbs in Croatia would not accept a status of a national minority in a sovereign Croatia, since they would be demoted from the status of Dritter Weltkrieg News constituent nation of the entirety of Yugoslavia. Hobeditzn Kohlmann, Evan F. TITO Yugoslavia Josip Broz Jugoslavija Book Biography Biografija. EUR 39,99; Sofort-Kaufen; + EUR 24,99 Versand. Aus Serbien. - Erkunde Josef Capeljas Pinnwand „Jugoslavija“ auf Pinterest. Weitere Ideen zu Klassische reiseposter, Niagarafälle, Bosnien und herzegovina. Im Verlauf dieses Jahrzehnts zeichneten sich vor dem Hintergrund der schweren Wirtschaftskrise und einer schleichenden Erosion des politischen Systems zwei gegensätzliche politische Strömungen Friederike Möller Unser Charly auf der einen Seite die Vertreter einer Liberalisierung von Wirtschaft und Politik vor allem in Slowenienauf der anderen die Befürworter der Stärkung des Bundesstaats vor allem in Serbien. Zugehöriger Artikel in Wikipedia. Gemeinschaften, Kooperationsabkommen zwischen der Europäischen Wirtschaftsgemeinschaft und der Sozialistischen Föderativen Republik Jugoslawien Europäische Wirtschaftsgemeinschaft. Da die BRJ sich 1990 Berlin stets unbeirrt als völkerrechtlich identisch mit dieser angesehen hatte [9] und sich weigerte, den Jugoslavija Beschluss zu akzeptieren, verlor sie ihren Sitz in der UN-Vollversammlung. Die Sozialistische Föderative Republik Jugoslawien hatte zunächst kurzzeitig Jugoslavija planwirtschaftliches Wirtschaftssystem nach dem Vorbild der Sowjetunion. Januar ersetzt. Amazon Renewed Like-new Dr. No you can trust. Following the fall of communism in Eastern Europe, each of the republics held multi-party elections in Slovenia and Croatia held the elections in April since their communist parties chose to cede power peacefully.
Other Yugoslav republics—especially Serbia—were more or less dissatisfied with the democratisation in two of the republics and proposed different sanctions e.
Serbian "customs tax" for Slovene products against the two, but as the year progressed, other republics' communist parties saw the inevitability of the democratisation process; in December, as the last member of the federation, Serbia held parliamentary elections which confirmed former communists' rule in this republic.
The unresolved issues however remained. Serbia and Montenegro elected candidates who favoured Yugoslav unity. The Croat quest for independence led to large Serb communities within Croatia rebelling and trying to secede from the Croat republic.
Serbs in Croatia would not accept a status of a national minority in a sovereign Croatia, since they would be demoted from the status of a constituent nation of the entirety of Yugoslavia.
The war broke out when the new regimes tried to replace Yugoslav civilian and military forces with secessionist forces. When, in August , Croatia attempted to replace police in the Serb populated Croat Krajina by force, the population first looked for refuge in the Yugoslavian Army barracks, while the army remained passive.
The civilians then organised armed resistance. These armed conflicts between the Croatian armed forces "police" and civilians mark the beginning of the Yugoslav war that inflamed the region.
Similarly, the attempt to replace Yugoslav frontier police by Slovene police forces provoked regional armed conflicts which finished with a minimal number of victims.
A similar attempt in Bosnia and Herzegovina led to a war that lasted more than three years see below. The results of all these conflicts are almost complete emigration of the Serbs from all three regions, massive displacement of the populations in Bosnia and Herzegovina, and establishment of the three new independent states.
Serbian uprisings in Croatia began in August by blocking roads leading from the Dalmatian coast towards the interior almost a year before Croatian leadership made any move towards independence.
These uprisings were more or less discreetly backed up by the Serb-dominated federal army JNA. The federal army tried to disarm the territorial defence forces of Slovenia republics had their local defence forces similar to the Home Guard in but was not completely successful.
Still, Slovenia began to covertly import arms to replenish its armed forces. Serbia and JNA used this discovery of Croatian rearmament for propaganda purposes.
Guns were also fired from army bases through Croatia. Elsewhere, tensions were running high. In the same month, the Army leaders met with the Presidency of Yugoslavia in an attempt to get them to declare a state of emergency which would allow for the army to take control of the country.
The army was seen as an arm of the Serbian government by that time so the consequence feared by the other republics was to be total Serbian domination of the union.
The representatives of Serbia, Montenegro, Kosovo, and Vojvodina voted for the decision, while all other republics, Croatia, Slovenia, Macedonia and Bosnia and Herzegovina, voted against.
The tie delayed an escalation of conflicts, but not for long. Following the first multi-party election results, in the autumn of , the republics of Slovenia and Croatia proposed transforming Yugoslavia into a loose confederation of six republics.
By this proposal, republics would have right to self-determination. In late March , the Plitvice Lakes incident was one of the first sparks of open war in Croatia.
The Yugoslav People's Army JNA , whose superior officers were mainly of Serbian ethnicity, maintained an impression of being neutral, but as time went on, they got more and more involved in state politics.
On 25 June , Slovenia and Croatia became the first republics to declare independence from Yugoslavia. The federal customs officers in Slovenia on the border crossings with Italy, Austria, and Hungary mainly just changed uniforms since most of them were local Slovenes.
The following day 26 June , the Federal Executive Council specifically ordered the army to take control of the "internationally recognized borders", leading to the Ten-Day War.
The Yugoslav People's Army forces, based in barracks in Slovenia and Croatia, attempted to carry out the task within the next 48 hours.
However, because of misinformation given to the Yugoslav Army conscripts that the Federation was under attack by foreign forces and the fact that the majority of them did not wish to engage in a war on the ground where they served their conscription, the Slovene territorial defence forces retook most of the posts within several days with only minimal loss of life on both sides.
There was a suspected incident of a war crime, as the Austrian ORF TV network showed footage of three Yugoslav Army soldiers surrendering to the territorial defence force, before gunfire was heard and the troops were seen falling down.
However, none were killed in the incident. There were however numerous cases of destruction of civilian property and civilian life by the Yugoslav People's Army, including houses and a church.
A civilian airport, along with a hangar and aircraft inside the hangar, was bombarded; truck drivers on the road from Ljubljana to Zagreb and Austrian journalists at the Ljubljana Airport were killed.
A ceasefire was eventually agreed upon. According to the Brioni Agreement , recognised by representatives of all republics, the international community pressured Slovenia and Croatia to place a three-month moratorium on their independence.
During these three months, the Yugoslav Army completed its pull-out from Slovenia, but in Croatia, a bloody war broke out in the autumn of Ethnic Serbs, who had created their own state Republic of Serbian Krajina in heavily Serb-populated regions resisted the police forces of the Republic of Croatia who were trying to bring that breakaway region back under Croatian jurisdiction.
In some strategic places, the Yugoslav Army acted as a buffer zone; in most others it was protecting or aiding Serbs with resources and even manpower in their confrontation with the new Croatian army and their police force.
In September , the Republic of Macedonia also declared independence, becoming the only former republic to gain sovereignty without resistance from the Belgrade-based Yugoslav authorities.
As a result of the conflict, the United Nations Security Council unanimously adopted UN Security Council Resolution on 27 November , which paved the way to the establishment of peacekeeping operations in Yugoslavia.
In Bosnia and Herzegovina in November , the Bosnian Serbs held a referendum which resulted in an overwhelming vote in favour of forming a Serbian republic within the borders of Bosnia and Herzegovina and staying in a common state with Serbia and Montenegro.
On 9 January , the self-proclaimed Bosnian Serb assembly proclaimed a separate "Republic of the Serb people of Bosnia and Herzegovina".
The referendum and creation of SARs were proclaimed unconstitutional by the government of Bosnia and Herzegovina and declared illegal and invalid.
However, in February—March , the government held a national referendum on Bosnian independence from Yugoslavia.
That referendum was in turn declared contrary to the BiH and the Federal constitution by the federal Constitutional Court in Belgrade and the newly established Bosnian Serb government.
The referendum was largely boycotted by the Bosnian Serbs. The Federal court in Belgrade did not decide on the matter of the referendum of the Bosnian Serbs.
It was not clear what the two-thirds majority requirement actually meant and whether it was satisfied. The republic's government declared its independence on 5 April, and the Serbs immediately declared the independence of Republika Srpska.
The war in Bosnia followed shortly thereafter. As the Yugoslav Wars raged through Croatia and Bosnia, the republics of Serbia and Montenegro, which remained relatively untouched by the war, formed a rump state known as the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia FRY in The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia aspired to be a sole legal successor to the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia , but those claims were opposed by the other former republics.
The United Nations also denied its request to automatically continue the membership of the former state. According to the Succession Agreement signed in Vienna on 29 June , all assets of former Yugoslavia were divided between five successor states: [33].
In June , Montenegro became an independent nation after the results of a May referendum , therefore rendering Serbia and Montenegro no longer existent.
After Montenegro's independence, Serbia became the legal successor of Serbia and Montenegro, while Montenegro re-applied for membership in international organisations.
In February , the Republic of Kosovo declared independence from Serbia, leading to an ongoing dispute on whether Kosovo is a legally recognised state.
Kosovo is not a member of the United Nations , but states , including the United States and various members of the European Union , have recognised Kosovo as a sovereign state.
In , The Economist coined the term Yugosphere to describe the present-day physical areas that formed Yugoslavia, as well as its culture and influence.
The similarity of the languages and the long history of common life have left many ties among the peoples of the new states, even though the individual state policies of the new states favour differentiation, particularly in language.
The Serbo-Croatian language is linguistically a single language, with several literary and spoken variants since the language of the government was imposed where other languages dominated Slovenia , Macedonia.
Now, separate sociolinguistic standards exist for the Bosnian , Croatian , Montenegrin and Serbian languages. Remembrance of the time of the joint state and its positive attributes is referred to as Yugonostalgia.
Many aspects of Yugonostalgia refer to the socialist system and the sense of social security it provided. There are still people from the former Yugoslavia who self-identify as Yugoslavs ; this identifier is commonly seen in demographics relating to ethnicity in today's independent states.
Yugoslavia had always been a home to a very diverse population, not only in terms of national affiliation, but also religious affiliation.
Of the many religions, Islam, Roman Catholicism, Judaism, and Protestantism, as well as various Eastern Orthodox faiths, composed the religions of Yugoslavia, comprising over 40 in all.
With postwar government programs of modernisation and urbanisation, the percentage of religious believers took a dramatic plunge.
Connections between religious belief and nationality posed a serious threat to the post-war Communist government's policies on national unity and state structure.
The places of lowest religious concentration were Slovenia Religious differences between Orthodox Serbs , Catholic Croats , and Muslim Bosniaks and Albanians alongside the rise of nationalism contributed to the collapse of Yugoslavia in From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
For the — kingdom, see Kingdom of Yugoslavia. For the — socialist federation, see Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.
For the — federation and confederation between Montenegro and Serbia, see Serbia and Montenegro. Top: Flag — Bottom: Flag — Top: Coat of arms — Bottom: Emblem — Yugoslavia during the Interwar period and the Cold War.
Main article: Creation of Yugoslavia. Main article: Kingdom of Yugoslavia. Banovinas of Yugoslavia, — After the Sava and Littoral banovinas were merged into the Banovina of Croatia.
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources.
Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. May Learn how and when to remove this template message. Main article: Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia.
SR Slovenia. SR Croatia. SR Bosnia and Herzegovina. SR Montenegro. SR Macedonia. SR Serbia. SAP Vojvodina. SAP Kosovo. September Learn how and when to remove this template message.
Further information: Tito—Stalin Split. Main article: Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. Main article: Breakup of Yugoslavia.
Main article: Yugoslav Wars. The Republic of Kosovo unilaterally declared independence on 17 February , but Serbia continues to claim it as part of its own sovereign territory.
The two governments began to normalise relations in , as part of the Brussels Agreement. Kosovo is currently recognized as an independent state by 98 out of the United Nations member states.
In total, UN member states recognized Kosovo at some point, of which 15 later withdrew their recognition. Archived from the original on 16 May The clash of civilizations and the remaking of world order.
BBC News. Archived from the original on 25 January Retrieved 29 December Archived from the original PDF on 28 September Archived from the original on 22 February Retrieved 8 February The Balkans since Bandiera nazionale e di stato adottata il 31 gennaio per la repubblica popolare cambiata in "socialista" nel e fu abolita il 27 aprile in seguito al collasso della federazione.
La stella, debordante sulle strisce laterali e filettata d'oro ricordava la lotta partigiana contro gli invasori nazifascisti.
Bandiera della marina militare adottata il 6 giugno e abolita il 27 aprile con il discioglimento della federazione socialista. Bandiera mercantile adottata il 21 marzo e abolita il 27 aprile in seguito al dissolversi della federazione.
Bandiera di stato e mercantile adottata il 27 aprile Il 4 febbraio scompariva anche il nome federale di Jugoslavia, sostituito da "Serbia e Montenegro", preludio alla definitiva separazione avvenuta il 3 giugno Il 29 novembre la monarchia venne definitivamente abolita e nacque la Repubblica Federativa Popolare di Jugoslavia, nome che mantenne fino al quando venne denominata Repubblica Socialista Federale di Jugoslavia.
Dopo il ebbe inizio un progressivo allontanamento da Stalin , per poter governare liberamente l'economia del proprio paese e farla sviluppare.
La Repubblica Socialista Federale di Jugoslavia era divisa in 6 repubbliche e 2 province autonome:. Nel , Slovenia e Croazia si dichiararono indipendenti.
Dal 26 giugno al 7 luglio venne combattuta una guerra tra l' esercito jugoslavo e l'armata territoriale slovena, che vide la resa dell'esercito federale.
Nel settembre del anche la Macedonia si era dichiarata indipendente senza che ne scaturisse alcuna azione bellica, ma alla quale seguirono battaglie tra albanesi e macedoni.
Dopo la proclamazione dell'indipendenza di Slovenia, Croazia, Bosnia ed Erzegovina e Macedonia, lo Stato jugoslavo era limitato ai soli territori della Serbia e del Montenegro che decisero di rimanere uniti, dando vita, il 27 aprile alla Repubblica Federale di Jugoslavia.
Nel le tensioni nella provincia serba del Kosovo tra la maggioranza di etnia albanese e la minoranza serba si inasprirono.
Divisione della Jugoslavia dopo la sua invasione da parte delle Potenze dell'Asse. Repubblica Socialista Federale di Jugoslavia Slovenia Croazia Macedonia Bosnia ed Erzegovina Erzeg-Bosnia Croata Repubblica Serba di Bosnia ed Erzegovina Federazione di Bosnia ed Erzegovina Montenegro Serbia Kosovo [17] Altri progetti.
Da Wikipedia, l'enciclopedia libera.
Jugoslavija - Stöbern in Kategorien
Der UN-Sicherheitsrat beschloss am Dezember und am Föderative Republik Jugoslawien. Die Vollversammlung der Vereinten Nationen beschloss am In January , the extraordinary 14th Congress of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia was convened. For most of the time, the Slovene and Serbian delegations were arguing over the future of the League of Communists and Yugoslavia.
In turn, the Slovenes, supported by Croats, sought to reform Yugoslavia by devolving even more power to republics, but were voted down.
As a result, the Slovene and Croatian delegations left the Congress and the all-Yugoslav Communist party was dissolved.
The constitutional crisis that inevitably followed resulted in a rise of nationalism in all republics: Slovenia and Croatia voiced demands for looser ties within the Federation.
Following the fall of communism in Eastern Europe, each of the republics held multi-party elections in Slovenia and Croatia held the elections in April since their communist parties chose to cede power peacefully.
Other Yugoslav republics—especially Serbia—were more or less dissatisfied with the democratisation in two of the republics and proposed different sanctions e.
Serbian "customs tax" for Slovene products against the two, but as the year progressed, other republics' communist parties saw the inevitability of the democratisation process; in December, as the last member of the federation, Serbia held parliamentary elections which confirmed former communists' rule in this republic.
The unresolved issues however remained. Serbia and Montenegro elected candidates who favoured Yugoslav unity.
The Croat quest for independence led to large Serb communities within Croatia rebelling and trying to secede from the Croat republic.
Serbs in Croatia would not accept a status of a national minority in a sovereign Croatia, since they would be demoted from the status of a constituent nation of the entirety of Yugoslavia.
The war broke out when the new regimes tried to replace Yugoslav civilian and military forces with secessionist forces. When, in August , Croatia attempted to replace police in the Serb populated Croat Krajina by force, the population first looked for refuge in the Yugoslavian Army barracks, while the army remained passive.
The civilians then organised armed resistance. These armed conflicts between the Croatian armed forces "police" and civilians mark the beginning of the Yugoslav war that inflamed the region.
Similarly, the attempt to replace Yugoslav frontier police by Slovene police forces provoked regional armed conflicts which finished with a minimal number of victims.
A similar attempt in Bosnia and Herzegovina led to a war that lasted more than three years see below. The results of all these conflicts are almost complete emigration of the Serbs from all three regions, massive displacement of the populations in Bosnia and Herzegovina, and establishment of the three new independent states.
Serbian uprisings in Croatia began in August by blocking roads leading from the Dalmatian coast towards the interior almost a year before Croatian leadership made any move towards independence.
These uprisings were more or less discreetly backed up by the Serb-dominated federal army JNA. The federal army tried to disarm the territorial defence forces of Slovenia republics had their local defence forces similar to the Home Guard in but was not completely successful.
Still, Slovenia began to covertly import arms to replenish its armed forces. Serbia and JNA used this discovery of Croatian rearmament for propaganda purposes.
Guns were also fired from army bases through Croatia. Elsewhere, tensions were running high. In the same month, the Army leaders met with the Presidency of Yugoslavia in an attempt to get them to declare a state of emergency which would allow for the army to take control of the country.
The army was seen as an arm of the Serbian government by that time so the consequence feared by the other republics was to be total Serbian domination of the union.
The representatives of Serbia, Montenegro, Kosovo, and Vojvodina voted for the decision, while all other republics, Croatia, Slovenia, Macedonia and Bosnia and Herzegovina, voted against.
The tie delayed an escalation of conflicts, but not for long. Following the first multi-party election results, in the autumn of , the republics of Slovenia and Croatia proposed transforming Yugoslavia into a loose confederation of six republics.
By this proposal, republics would have right to self-determination. In late March , the Plitvice Lakes incident was one of the first sparks of open war in Croatia.
The Yugoslav People's Army JNA , whose superior officers were mainly of Serbian ethnicity, maintained an impression of being neutral, but as time went on, they got more and more involved in state politics.
On 25 June , Slovenia and Croatia became the first republics to declare independence from Yugoslavia. The federal customs officers in Slovenia on the border crossings with Italy, Austria, and Hungary mainly just changed uniforms since most of them were local Slovenes.
The following day 26 June , the Federal Executive Council specifically ordered the army to take control of the "internationally recognized borders", leading to the Ten-Day War.
The Yugoslav People's Army forces, based in barracks in Slovenia and Croatia, attempted to carry out the task within the next 48 hours.
However, because of misinformation given to the Yugoslav Army conscripts that the Federation was under attack by foreign forces and the fact that the majority of them did not wish to engage in a war on the ground where they served their conscription, the Slovene territorial defence forces retook most of the posts within several days with only minimal loss of life on both sides.
There was a suspected incident of a war crime, as the Austrian ORF TV network showed footage of three Yugoslav Army soldiers surrendering to the territorial defence force, before gunfire was heard and the troops were seen falling down.
However, none were killed in the incident. There were however numerous cases of destruction of civilian property and civilian life by the Yugoslav People's Army, including houses and a church.
A civilian airport, along with a hangar and aircraft inside the hangar, was bombarded; truck drivers on the road from Ljubljana to Zagreb and Austrian journalists at the Ljubljana Airport were killed.
A ceasefire was eventually agreed upon. According to the Brioni Agreement , recognised by representatives of all republics, the international community pressured Slovenia and Croatia to place a three-month moratorium on their independence.
During these three months, the Yugoslav Army completed its pull-out from Slovenia, but in Croatia, a bloody war broke out in the autumn of Ethnic Serbs, who had created their own state Republic of Serbian Krajina in heavily Serb-populated regions resisted the police forces of the Republic of Croatia who were trying to bring that breakaway region back under Croatian jurisdiction.
In some strategic places, the Yugoslav Army acted as a buffer zone; in most others it was protecting or aiding Serbs with resources and even manpower in their confrontation with the new Croatian army and their police force.
In September , the Republic of Macedonia also declared independence, becoming the only former republic to gain sovereignty without resistance from the Belgrade-based Yugoslav authorities.
As a result of the conflict, the United Nations Security Council unanimously adopted UN Security Council Resolution on 27 November , which paved the way to the establishment of peacekeeping operations in Yugoslavia.
In Bosnia and Herzegovina in November , the Bosnian Serbs held a referendum which resulted in an overwhelming vote in favour of forming a Serbian republic within the borders of Bosnia and Herzegovina and staying in a common state with Serbia and Montenegro.
On 9 January , the self-proclaimed Bosnian Serb assembly proclaimed a separate "Republic of the Serb people of Bosnia and Herzegovina".
The referendum and creation of SARs were proclaimed unconstitutional by the government of Bosnia and Herzegovina and declared illegal and invalid.
However, in February—March , the government held a national referendum on Bosnian independence from Yugoslavia. That referendum was in turn declared contrary to the BiH and the Federal constitution by the federal Constitutional Court in Belgrade and the newly established Bosnian Serb government.
The referendum was largely boycotted by the Bosnian Serbs. The Federal court in Belgrade did not decide on the matter of the referendum of the Bosnian Serbs.
It was not clear what the two-thirds majority requirement actually meant and whether it was satisfied. The republic's government declared its independence on 5 April, and the Serbs immediately declared the independence of Republika Srpska.
The war in Bosnia followed shortly thereafter. As the Yugoslav Wars raged through Croatia and Bosnia, the republics of Serbia and Montenegro, which remained relatively untouched by the war, formed a rump state known as the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia FRY in The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia aspired to be a sole legal successor to the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia , but those claims were opposed by the other former republics.
The United Nations also denied its request to automatically continue the membership of the former state. According to the Succession Agreement signed in Vienna on 29 June , all assets of former Yugoslavia were divided between five successor states: [33].
In June , Montenegro became an independent nation after the results of a May referendum , therefore rendering Serbia and Montenegro no longer existent.
After Montenegro's independence, Serbia became the legal successor of Serbia and Montenegro, while Montenegro re-applied for membership in international organisations.
In February , the Republic of Kosovo declared independence from Serbia, leading to an ongoing dispute on whether Kosovo is a legally recognised state.
Kosovo is not a member of the United Nations , but states , including the United States and various members of the European Union , have recognised Kosovo as a sovereign state.
In , The Economist coined the term Yugosphere to describe the present-day physical areas that formed Yugoslavia, as well as its culture and influence.
The similarity of the languages and the long history of common life have left many ties among the peoples of the new states, even though the individual state policies of the new states favour differentiation, particularly in language.
The Serbo-Croatian language is linguistically a single language, with several literary and spoken variants since the language of the government was imposed where other languages dominated Slovenia , Macedonia.
Now, separate sociolinguistic standards exist for the Bosnian , Croatian , Montenegrin and Serbian languages.
Remembrance of the time of the joint state and its positive attributes is referred to as Yugonostalgia. Many aspects of Yugonostalgia refer to the socialist system and the sense of social security it provided.
There are still people from the former Yugoslavia who self-identify as Yugoslavs ; this identifier is commonly seen in demographics relating to ethnicity in today's independent states.
Yugoslavia had always been a home to a very diverse population, not only in terms of national affiliation, but also religious affiliation.
Of the many religions, Islam, Roman Catholicism, Judaism, and Protestantism, as well as various Eastern Orthodox faiths, composed the religions of Yugoslavia, comprising over 40 in all.
With postwar government programs of modernisation and urbanisation, the percentage of religious believers took a dramatic plunge. Connections between religious belief and nationality posed a serious threat to the post-war Communist government's policies on national unity and state structure.
The places of lowest religious concentration were Slovenia Religious differences between Orthodox Serbs , Catholic Croats , and Muslim Bosniaks and Albanians alongside the rise of nationalism contributed to the collapse of Yugoslavia in From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
For the — kingdom, see Kingdom of Yugoslavia. For the — socialist federation, see Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. For the — federation and confederation between Montenegro and Serbia, see Serbia and Montenegro.
Top: Flag — Bottom: Flag — Top: Coat of arms — Bottom: Emblem — Yugoslavia during the Interwar period and the Cold War.
Main article: Creation of Yugoslavia. Main article: Kingdom of Yugoslavia. Banovinas of Yugoslavia, — After the Sava and Littoral banovinas were merged into the Banovina of Croatia.
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
May Learn how and when to remove this template message. Main article: Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia.
SR Slovenia. SR Croatia. SR Bosnia and Herzegovina. SR Montenegro. SR Macedonia. SR Serbia. SAP Vojvodina. SAP Kosovo. September Learn how and when to remove this template message.
Further information: Tito—Stalin Split. Main article: Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. Main article: Breakup of Yugoslavia.
Main article: Yugoslav Wars. The Republic of Kosovo unilaterally declared independence on 17 February , but Serbia continues to claim it as part of its own sovereign territory.
The two governments began to normalise relations in , as part of the Brussels Agreement. Kosovo is currently recognized as an independent state by 98 out of the United Nations member states.
In total, UN member states recognized Kosovo at some point, of which 15 later withdrew their recognition. Archived from the original on 16 May The clash of civilizations and the remaking of world order.
BBC News. Archived from the original on 25 January Under the new monarchy, some industrial development took place, significantly financed by foreign capital.
In addition, the centralized government had its own economic influence, as seen in heavy military expenditure, the creation of an inflated civil service , and direct intervention in productive industries and in the marketing of agricultural goods.
Modernization of the economy was largely confined to the north, creating deep regional disparities in productivity and standards of living.
By the outbreak of war in , Yugoslavia was still a poor and predominantly rural state, with more than three-fourths of economically active people engaged in agriculture.
Birth rates were among the highest in Europe, and illiteracy rates exceeded 60 percent in most rural areas. Socialist Yugoslavia was formed in after Josip Broz Tito and his communist-led Partisans had helped liberate the country from German rule in — This second Yugoslavia covered much the same territory as its predecessor, with the addition of land acquired from Italy in Istria and Dalmatia.
The kingdom was replaced by a federation of six nominally equal republics: Croatia, Montenegro, Serbia, Slovenia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Macedonia.
In Serbia the two provinces of Kosovo and Vojvodina were given autonomous status in order to acknowledge the specific interests of Albanians and Magyars, respectively.
In , , and , however, a succession of new constitutions created an ever more loosely coordinated union, the locus of power being steadily shifted downward from the federal level to economic enterprises, municipalities, and republic-level apparatuses of the Communist Party renamed the League of Communists of Yugoslavia.
The communes were direct agents for the collection of most government revenue, and they also provided social services.
Under the constitution of , the assemblies of the communes, republics, and autonomous provinces consisted of three chambers.
The Chamber of Associated Labour was formed from delegations representing self-managing work organizations; the Chamber of Local Communities consisted of citizens drawn from territorial constituencies; and the Sociopolitical Chamber was elected from members of the Socialist Alliance of the Working People of Yugoslavia, the League of Communists, the trade unions, and organizations of war veterans, women, and youth.
The executive functions of government were carried out by the Federal Executive Council, which consisted of a president, members representing the republics and provinces, and officials representing various administrative agencies.
In the presidency of the federation was vested for life in Tito; following his death in , it was transferred to an unwieldy rotating collective presidency of regional representatives.
After the communist government nationalized large landholdings, industrial enterprises, public utilities, and other resources and launched a strenuous process of industrialization.
After a split with the Soviet Union in , Yugoslavia had by the s come to place greater reliance on market mechanisms.
Under this law, individuals participated in Yugoslav enterprise management through the work organizations into which they were divided.
Under the new system, remarkable growth was achieved between and , but development subsequently slowed. Inflation and unemployment emerged as serious problems, particularly during the s, and productivity remained low.
I colori scelti per la bandiera del regno unificato dei Serbi, dei Croati e degli Sloveni ufficialmente "di Jugoslavia" dal erano gli stessi - in diversa sequenza - di quelli delle tre nazioni che lo costituivano.
Ed erano i colori panslavi. Dopo il , sulla bandiera di stato, era talvolta posto lo stemma con l'aquila bicipite recante sul petto uno scudetto con le armi dei tre paesi, Serbia, Croazia e, in punta, Slovenia.
Tuttavia la bandiera di stato ufficiale era quella pulita. Bandiera della marina da guerra adottata il 28 febbraio e abbandonata nell'aprile del Spostato verso l'asta, era posto lo stemma di stato, limitato al solo scudo con la corona.
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